That's because nearly all (more than 99%) e-cigarettes contain nicotine, and some brands (such as Juul) contain an excessive amount. The more nicotine present in a tobacco product, the more addictive it is, and when it comes to e-cigarettes and vaping, the risk is high. Nicotine is one of the most addictive drugs around, which is why an infamous 1988 report on addiction released by the Surgeon General even went as far as to compare a nicotine addiction to heroin addiction. But many people underestimate a sneakier threat, the chemical found in tobacco leaves that keeps users coming back for more-nicotine. This article was first published on 27th June 2011.There are over 3,000 chemicals hidden in tobacco products that make them harmful, including at least 69 that are believed to cause cancer. Kerry Maxwell, author of Brave New Words Last week … in Old English, the word meat referred to food generally, but now refers to a particular kind of food), and widening, where a word for a specific item becomes used as a general reference (this is often seen with brand names, such as hoover as a general term for using a vacuum cleaner, or google to describe the activity of using an Internet search engine). Other types of semantic change include narrowing, where a word takes on a meaning which is more specific than its original use (e.g. The concept of auto-antonymy is one sub-type of a wider phenomenon described in linguistics as semantic change, which refers to the evolution of a word's usage in terms of changes in meaning. Clip the microphone to your shirt.) and 'cut off' (e.g. quite fantastic), or consider the verb clip, which can mean both 'fasten together' (e.g. Auto-antonyms occur in various parts of speech and are more common than you might realize – an example in everyday use is the adverb quite, which can mean 'slightly' (e.g. Auto-antonyms are sometimes also referred to as contranyms (also spelt contronyms) or Janus words (from the name of the Roman God with two heads facing in opposite directions). Antonyms are words with opposite meanings, and auto-antonyms are therefore 'words which are the opposite of themselves'. The positive use of adjectives which started life as negative is one realization of a concept which linguists technically refer to as auto-antonymy. Scott Fitzgerald in his first novel This Side of Paradise. Such inverted meanings turn out to be older than you might expect – the positive use of wicked, for instance, dates as far back as 1920, when it was first used to mean 'wonderful' by author F. a meaning which represents the direct opposite of one of their other meanings). It follows in the wake of wicked and bad, two other adjectives which have taken on a popular 'inverted' meaning (i.e. The positive use of sick first appeared in the US in the early eighties, but didn't emerge in British usage until relatively recently. This means for instance that although it's possible to describe something as a very sick joke, you'd be highly unlikely to hear someone talking about a very sick outfit. Unlike sick in its conventional meaning of 'unpleasant', the positive sick refers to an absolute quality and so doesn't usually occur in the comparative or with grading adverbs like very, slightly, extremely, etc. According to research undertaken by Oxford University Press, language data suggests it's also common in the context of sports popular with young people, such as skateboarding and snowboarding. Common collocates are clothing and fashion items, or the latest electronic gadgetry: mobile phones, computers, MP3 players, etc. This positive sense of sick pops up in speech and in informal written contexts (online discourse etc) and is used mainly, though not exclusively, by young people. Language data suggests sick is also common in the context of sports popular with young people, such as skateboarding and snowboardingĪ trendy new synonym for adjectives such as excellent, awesome and cool, sick now has a new sense which forms the direct antithesis of its established meaning of 'unpleasant' or 'upsetting' (e.g. Quite the opposite in fact, because the comment suggests that you've definitely hit the spot in your choice of clothing and can be confident that you're 'looking good' in the eyes of the beholder. If you're wearing a new outfit and someone under twenty-five describes it as sick, then there's no need to rush out of the room in despair.
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